This finding suggests that the benefit of background stimulation was not music-specific but possibly due to an enhanced cerebral alertness level induced by the auditory stimulation. Silence was detrimental when participants were faced with difficult arithmetic operations, as it was associated with significantly worse accuracy and slower RTs than music or rain sound conditions. The participants were administered 180 easy or difficult arithmetic operations (division, multiplication, subtraction and addition) while listening to heavy rain sounds, silence or classical music. Fifty university students (25 women and 25 men, 25 introverts and 25 extroverts) volunteered for the study. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of agitating, happy or touching music, as opposed to environmental sounds or silence, on the ability of non-musician subjects to perform arithmetic operations. Some studies have shown a detrimental effect, while others have shown a beneficial effect of background auditory stimuli.
Studies in the literature have provided conflicting evidence about the effects of background noise or music on concurrent cognitive tasks.
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